PS+2+-+6th+Period+Brown

The Structure of Atoms Key Concepts 1. Atom- the smallest particle of an element that still retains the properties of the element. 2. Nucleus- positively charged center of an atom that contains protons and neutrons and is surrounded by a cloud of electrons. 3. Subatomic Particles- protons, neutrons, electrons. 4. Attraction- the pull that attracts things together. 5. Repulsion- the force that repels objects away from eachother. 6. Electron Cloud- area around the nucleus of an atom where the atom's electrons are most likely to be found. 7. Energy Level- the rings that contain the electrons, same as periods. Masses of Atoms Key Concepts 1. Subatomic particles- protons, neutrons, electrons. 2. Atomic Number- number of protons in an atom's nucleus. 3. Mass Number- sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus. 4. Isotope- atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons. 5.Atomic Mass- weighted-average mass of the mixture of an element's isotopes. The Periodic Table Key Concepts The periodic table is arranged in groups, periods, and valence electrons. 1. Ion- Charged particle that has either more or fewer electrons than protons. 2. Alkali Metals-Group 1, besides hydrogen. 3. Alkaline Earth Metals- group 2 4. Transition Metals- Groups 3-12 5. Boron Family- Group 13 6. Carbon Family- Group14 7. Nitrogen Family- Group 15 8. Oxygen Family- Group 16 9. Halogens- Group 17 10. Noble Gases- Group 18 Ions Key Concepts 1. Stable- 2. Valence Electrons- the electrons on the outermost energy level of an atom. 3. Chemical Reaction- process in which one or more substances are changed into new substances. 4. Nuclear Reaction- 5. Energy- the ability to cause change 6. Fission- atoms splitting apart 7. Chain Reaction- Ongoing series of fission reactions gaining and losing electrons to become stable. Key Concepts 1. Critical Mass- amount of fissionable material required so that each fission reaction produces approximately one or more fission reactions. Nuclear Fusion 1. Fusion- atoms fusing together 2. Mass- Amount of matter in an object Fusion most often occurs on the sun. Key Concepts 1.Nuclear Applications-includes nuclear medicine, nuclear weapons, and nuclear power reactors 2. Nuclear Medicine- radiatian used to destroy cancer cells 3. Tracer- Radioactive isotope, such as idoine-131, that can be detected by the radiation it emits after it is absorbed by a living organism. 4. Nuclear Weapons- Creates mass destruction 5. Nuclear Power-Reactors- create energy that can be used many different ways

Review Questions 1.Why do atoms of elements have neutral charges? A. All atoms contain neutrons, which have no charge B. The number of protons and neutrons are equal. D. The number of neutrons and electrons are equal.
 * C. The number of protons and electrons are equal.**

2. What region of the atom determines the volume of the atom? A. the nucleus, because almost all of the mass of the atom is located here B. the nucleus, because it is extremely dense C. the electron cloud, because is extremely dense
 * D. the electron cloud, because the volume of the nucleus is insignificant compared to the volume of the electron cloud**

3. An isotope of chlorine has 17 protons and 19 neutrons. What is the mass number for the isotope of chlorine? A. 17 B. 19 D. 2
 * C. 36**

4. Francium is an element found in group 1 and period 7. How many valence electrons does an atom of francium contain? A. 1 B. 6 D. 8
 * C. 7**

5. Francium is an element found in group 1 and period 7. How many energy levels does an atom of francium contain? B. 6 C. 7 D. 8
 * A. 1**

6. Iodine is a halogen found in group 17 and period 5. How many valence electrons does iodine have? A. 6 B. 7 D. 17
 * C. 11**

7. Sulfur, a group 16, the oxygen group. How many valence electrons do sulfur atoms contain? A. 6 C. 14 D.16
 * B. 8**

8. Sulfur, a group 16 element, becomes an ion to reach chemical stability. What charge will sulfur ions have? B. -1 C. +2 D. -2
 * A. +1**

9. What family of elements includes atoms that have 8 valence electrons in their neutral state? A. alkali metals B. alkaline earth metals C. halogens
 * D. noble gases**

10. Which types of elements tend to gain electrons to reach chemical stability? A. metals B. nonmetals C. metalloids
 * D. noble gases**

11. Group 1 elements tend to lose one electron to achieve noble gas configuration. Why do group 1 elements have a +1 charge when they become stable ion? A. The atoms have one more electron than proton. C. The atoms have one more proton than neutron. D. The atoms have one more electron than neutron
 * B. The atoms ahve one more proton than electron**.

12. Nuclear Reactions produce tremendous amounts of energy. Where does this energy originate? A. The extreme temperatures produced during nuclear reactions B. the valence electrons during chemical bonding D. the conversion of thermal energy into nuclear energy
 * C. the conversion from mass to energy**

13. During nuclear fission, how does the mass of the reactants compare to the mass of the protons? A. The mass of the reactants is equal to the mass of the products. C. The mass of the reactants is less than the mass of the products. D. The mass of the reactants can be greater than or less than the mass of products.
 * B. The mass fo the reactants is greater than the mass of the products.**

14. Which of the following is an example in which nuclear fusion occurs? A. radioactive decay used to destroy used to destroy cancer cells B. the splitting of U-235 is an atomic bomb D. radioactive tracers to detect blood clots
 * C. the thermonuclear burning in stars**

15. Which of the following is referred to as the amount of fissionable material required to keep a fission reaction happening? A. nuclear decay B.chain reaction D. atomic mass
 * C.critical mass**

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by savannah prater and jim skelton