PS+2+-+3rd+Period+Brown


 * PS 2**
 * Properties of the Atom
 * The Structure of Atoms
 * Atom-The sallest unit of an element that still has the chemical properties of that element.
 * Nucleus- the small, positively charged center of the atom
 * Subatomic Particles & charges- Proton(postive), Electron(negative), Neutron(neutral).
 * Relativeness-neutrons and protons have about the same mass. Electrons are much smaller
 * Location-protons and neutrons are inside the nucleus, electrons are outside of the nucleus
 * Bohr Model- shows number of electrons on outer energy levels
 * Repulsion and Attraction- Protons and electrons attract, protons and protons repel, as does electrons and electrons.
 * Electron Cloud- area around the nucleus of an atom where it's electrons are most likely found
 * Enerdy level-holds electrons


 * Masses of Atoms
 * Subatomic particles-protons, neutrons,and electrons
 * Atomic number-number of protons in an atoms nucleus
 * Mass number- sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus
 * Writing mass number- protons+neutrons= Mass number, P+N=MN
 * Isotopes-atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
 * Atomic mass-a weighted average mass of the mixture of an element's isotopes
 * The Periodic Table
 * Arrangement-elements that are put into groups according to their properties
 * Groups- the vertical column in the periodic table
 * Period- the horizontal column in the peridic table
 * Valence Electrons- electrons in the outer most energy level
 * Ions- a charged particle
 * Alkali metals- 1st column in the periodic table
 * Alkali Earth Metals- 2nd column
 * Transition metals- elements in groups 3-12
 * Boron family- all elements in group 13
 * Carbon family- all elements in group 14
 * Nitrogen family- elements in grop 15
 * Oxygen family- elements in group 16
 * Halogens- elements in group 17
 * Noble gases- gases in group 18
 * stability- the ability of an atom to be stable
 * Octet- when atoms combine to form molecules, they generally each lose/gain or share valence electrons until they obtain or share 8


 * Periodic Trends
 * Valence electrons- electrons on the outer most energy level
 * Octet- when atoms combine to form molecules, they generally each lose/gain or share valence electrons until they obtain or share 8
 * Trends in groups 1-3- Each groups valence electrons depend on which group they are in
 * Ions
 * Stable- an atom that has 8 valence electrons, 2 for helium
 * Valence electrons- electrons on the outer most energy level
 * Chemical reaction-process in which 1 or more substances are changed into new substances
 * Atoms will gain/lose electrons to become stable

Nuclear Science
 * Nuclear Fission
 * Chemical reaction- process in which 1 or more substances are changed into new substances
 * Nuclear reaction- the process in which two nuclei or nuclear particles collide to produce products different from the initial particles
 * Energy- the capacity of a physical system to perform work
 * Fission- the act or process of splitting into different parts
 * Initiating fission- The penetration of a large nucleus(such as U-235) by a neutron is one way to initiate fission
 * Chain reaction- a series of chemical reactions in which the product of one is a reactant in the next
 * Critical mass- The smallest mass of a fissionable material that will sustain a nuclear chain reaction at a constant level
 * Nuclear Fusion
 * Fusion- the merging of different elements into a union
 * Mass- a unified body of matter with no specific shape
 * Energy- the capacity of a physical system to perform work
 * Where does fusion occur?- nuclear fusion only occurs naturally on the sun and other high energy stars. On Earth, we can use fusion in laboratories or as an aftermath of an atomic explosion
 * Nuclear Applications

• Nuclear applications- there are medical, enviromental, industrial, forensic and miscellaneous applications • Nuclear medicine- the branch of medicine that uses radioactive materials to either image a patient's body or to destroy diseased cells • Tracer- an identifiable substance that is introduced into a biological or mechanical system and can befollowed through the course of a process • Nulear weapons- weapons that can cause catastrophic destruction with bombs and cause radiation to kill people • Nuclear power- reactors- A nuclear reactor is a device in which nuclear chain reactions are initiated, controlled, and sustained at a steady rate, as opposed to a nuclear bomb, in which the chain reaction occurs in a fraction of a second and is uncontrolled.

1.Why do atoms of elements have neutral charges? A. All atoms contain neutrons, which have no charge. B. The number of protons and neutrons are equal. C. The number of protons and electrons are equal. D. The number of neutrons and electrons are equal
 * Questions**

2.What region of the atom determines the volume of the atom? A. the nucleus, because almost all of the mass of the atom is located here B. the nucleus, because it is extremely dense C. the electron cloud, because it is extremely dense D. the electron cloud, because the volume of the nucleus is insignificant compared to the volume of the electron cloud

3.An isotope of chlorine has 17 protons and 19 neutrons. What is the mass number for that isotope of chlorine? A. 17 B. 19 C. 36 D. 2

4.Sulfur is found in group 16, the oxygen group. How many valence electrons does sulfer atoms contain? A. 6 B. 8 C. 14 D. 16

5.Sulfur is a group 16 element. What charge does sulfur ions have? A. +1 B. -1 C. +2 D. -2

6.What family of elements includes atoms that have 8 valence electrons in their neutral state? A. metals B. nonmetals C. metalloids D. noble gases

7.Group 1 elements tend to lose one electrons to achieve noble gas configuration. Why do group 1 elements have a +1 charge when they become stable ions? A. The atoms have one more electrons than proton. B. The atoms have one more proton than electron. C. The atoms have one more proton than neutron. D. The atoms have one more electron than neutron.

8. Which of the following is referred to as the amount of fissionable material required to keep a fission reaction happening? A. nuclear decay B. chain reaction C. critical mass D. atomic mass

9.Which subatomic particles are involved in chemical reactions? A. protons B. neutrons C. electrons D. valence electrons

10.Francium is an element found in group 1 and period 7. How many valence electrons does atom of francium contain? A. 1 B. 6 C. 7 D. 8

11. Iodine is a halogen found in group 17 and period 5. How many valence electrons does iodine have? A. 6 B. 7 C. 11 D. 17

12.Which types of elements tend to gain electrons to reach chemical stability? A. metals B. nonmetals C. metalloids D. noble gases

13.Which one of the following is an example in which nuclear fusion occurs? A. radioactive decay used to destroy cancer cells B. the splitting of the U-235 in an atomic bomb C. the thermonuclear burning in stars D. radioactive tracers to detect blood clots

14. What happens to the number of energy levels as you travel from top to bottom in a group on the periodic table? A. The numer of energy levels stays the same. B. The numer of energy levels increases C. The numer of energy levels decreases D. The numer of energy levels varies within a group

15.Nuclear reactions produce tremendous amounts of energy. Where does this energy originate? A. the extremem temperatures produced during nuclear reactions B. the valence electrons during clemical bonding C. the conversion of mass into energy D. the conversion of thermal energy into nuclear energy

1.C 2.D 3.C 4.A 5.D 6.D 7.B 8.C 9.C 10. A 11.B 12.B 13.C 14.B 15.C
 * Answers**


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